TIP Sheet
HOW TO TAKE ESSAY TESTS
基本上有两种类型的考试:
Objective - 要求回答一个单词或短语, 或者从测试中提供的几个可用选项中选择一个答案.
Essay -要求把答案写得很长. 学生是信息的来源.
作文考试要求你看到你所知道的东西的重要性和意义. 它测试你对这门学科的知识和理解,以及你的阅读和写作技能. 要在作文考试中取得成功,你必须:
当你在写一篇作为考试一部分的文章时, 所有这些都必须在非常有限的时间内完成初稿. As with all writing, 如果你认为你的文章是分三个阶段完成的, 你可以有条不紊地应付考试. 这三个阶段分别是写作前、写作和修改. 以下是针对每个阶段的建议.
最后一部分是为作文考试做准备.
PRE-WRITING
在写作考试中,你的第一个冲动可能是阅读问题并立即开始写作, 尤其是当你看到时钟上的时间一秒一秒地过去. RESIST THAT IMPULSE! 除非你确切地知道你需要做什么,否则你无法成功地解决这个问题, 你理解并思考过这个主题, 你要有条理地处理你想在回答中提出的具体观点.
1. Understanding what to do:
Agree/Disagree陈述你的立场,并用事实来支持
评论或评价:陈述你的立场,并用事实支持你的观点, 讨论这个问题和它的优点.
Analyze查看它们之间的关系,把它们分解成所有的部分或部门.
Compare/Contrast展示异同.
Describe/Discuss: Examine in detail.
Explain: Tell why something is as it is.
Illustrate举例,并将其与所讨论的陈述联系起来. Prove/Defend说明为什么某事是正确的.
Interpret解释某事的重要性或意义.
List/State: Make a list of points or facts.
Summarize: Hit the high points.
2. Understanding the subject
3. Getting organized
WRITING
1. Remember your thesis. 现在坚持下去,在你的文章中定期回顾它. 这使你的文章统一连贯,并有助于确保你不会跑题.
2. Write in an orderly fashion. 如果你突然想到一个新的观点, 把它记在空白处或草稿纸上,直到你找到合适的地方. 不要把它放在你正在写的东西中间.
3. Avoid:
REVISION
由于时间压力,论文考试很难, 然而,你应该尽量在最后留几分钟的时间来校对你的文章.
1. 在交论文之前,问问自己:
2. Proofreading:
3. You should proofread for:
3. 文章类型测试在很大程度上取决于你的基本写作技巧——组织, punctuation, grammar, and spelling. 如果你的答案写得不清楚,你的老师将无法找到它! 下面是你参加作文考试时要记住的一些基本原则:
PREPARING FOR ESSAY EXAMS
写一篇成功的论文从考试的第一天开始
1. Study regularly as you go along.
2. Final preparation
3. 参加考试时,要自信地对所有可能的话题都有具体的回答.
论文考试中常见的关键词
比较:寻找彼此相似的品质或特征. 强调他们之间的相似之处,但在某些情况下也提到不同之处.
对比:强调不同之处, differences, or unlikenesses of things, qualities, events, or problems.
批评:表达你对所提到的因素或观点的优点或真实性的判断. 给出你对这些因素的分析结果,讨论它们的局限性和优点.
定义:给出简明、清晰、权威的含义. 不要给出细节,但一定要给出定义的限制. 展示你正在定义的东西与其他类中的东西有什么不同.
描述:以顺序或故事的形式叙述、描述、概述或关联.
图表:给出一个图画、图表、计划或图形答案. 通常你应该给图表贴上标签. 在某些情况下,添加简短的解释或描述.
讨论:仔细检查、分析,并给出赞成和反对的理由. Be complete, and give details.
列举:用列表或提纲的形式,逐条简明扼要地给出要点.
评估:仔细评估问题,指出优点和局限性. 强调对权威人士的评价,并在较小程度上强调你的个人评价.
解释:澄清、解释并拼出你要陈述的材料. 给出不同意见或结果的原因,并试着分析原因.
说明:用图形、图片、图表或具体的例子来解释或澄清一个问题.
Interpret: Translate, give examples of, solve, or comment on, a subject, 通常给出你的判断.
证明:证明或给出决定或结论的理由,努力使其令人信服.
列表:就像“enumerate”一样,逐项列出一系列简明扼要的陈述.
提纲:根据要点和从属点组织描述, 省略小细节,强调事物的排列或分类.
证明:通过引用事实证据或给出清晰的逻辑理由来证明某事是正确的.
关联:展示事物是如何关联的, or connected with, 彼此之间,或者一个如何导致另一个, or is like another.
复习:批判性地检查一个主题, 分析和评论将对其作出的重要陈述.
草图:意思是“分解成它的组成部分”."
陈述:简要地陈述要点, clear sequence, usually omitting details, illustrations, or examples.
总结:以简明的形式给出要点或事实, like the summary of a chapter, 省略细节和插图.
Trace:用叙述的形式描述过程, development, 或者历史十大网赌正规平台的起源.
Identify or characteristic:意思是“区分这个词”, 或者这个人和其他所有相似的人区别开来.“两者都是明确的禁令,要尽可能具体.
说明或举例说明:意思是“举例说明”," showing thereby, rather than by definition, that you understand the concept.
TRANSITIONAL WORDS AND PHRASES
为了达到统一和连贯,作者使用过渡词和短语. 过渡短语阐明了从句之间的关系, sentences, and paragraphs, helping guide the readers along. 下面是转换表达式的部分列表.
To Add or Show Sequence: again, also, and, and then, besides, equally important, finally, first, further, furthermore, in addition, in the first place, last, moreover, next, second, still, too
比较:also,以同样的方式,同样地,相似地
To Contrast: although, and yet, but, but at the same time, despite, even so, even though, for all that, however, in contrast, in spite of, nevertheless, notwithstanding, on the contrary, on the other hand, regardless, sill, though, whereas, yet
举例子还是强调:毕竟, an illustration of, even, for example, for instance, indeed, in fact, it is true, of course, specifically, that is, to illustrate, truly
To Indicate Place: above, adjacent to, below, elsewhere, farther on, here, near, nearby, on the other side, opposite to, there, to the east, to the left
To Indicate Time: after a while, afterward, as long as, as soon as, at last, at length, at that time, before, earlier, formerly, immediately, in the meantime, in the past, lately, later, meanwhile, now, presently, shortly, simultaneously, since, so far, soon, subsequently, then, thereafter, until, until now, when
总结或总结:all in all, altogether, as has been said, in brief, in conclusion in other words, in particular, in short, in simpler terms, in summary, on the whole,that is, therefore, to put it differently, to summarize
显示原因或结果:相应地, as a result, because, consequently, for this purpose, hence, otherwise, since, then, therefore, thereupon, this, to this end, with this object.